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Gudimallam is a small village in the Yerpedumandal of the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India.^[1] It is ten kilometers (six miles) north-east of Renigunta Railway Junction, not far from Tirupati.^[2]

Gudimallam is a small village, but well-known because it has a Hindu temple dedicated to Siva, which is popularly known as 'the Parasurameswara Temple.' This contains a very early linga with a full-length figure of Shiva, housed in the garbhagriha of the temple.^[3] This is perhaps the second earliest linga associated with Shiva discovered so far,^[4] and it has been dated to the 2nd/1st century BC,^[5] or the 3rd century BC,^[3] or much later, to the 2nd century AD,^[6] 3-4th century AD,^[6] or even, according to one source, as late as the 7th century AD.^[7] This is 'the only sculpture of any importance' to survive from ancient South India before sculpture made under the Pallava dynasty from the 7th century AD onwards, and 'its mysteriousness lies in the total absence so far of any object in an even remotely similar manner within many hundreds of miles, and indeed anywhere in South India'.^[8] If assigned an early date, the figure on the linga is 'one of the earliest surviving and unequivocal images of the god Shiva'.^[9]

The temple is later than the linga; again, estimates of the date of the temple vary considerably, but it is usually dated to 'the later Chola and Vijayanagara periods', so possibly a thousand years later than the sculpture. The linga was originally sited in the open air, with the rectangular stone surround that still remains.^[10] The temple remains in worship, but has been protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) since 1954.

Description and context[edit]

The linga was, by his own account, discovered by the ASI archaeologist T. A. Gopinatha Rao, 'some years' before he published it in 1916.^[2] The linga is carved out of a hard dark brown local stone. It is over 5 ft high and slightly above a foot in diameter on the main shaft. The glans penis is clearly differentiated from the shaft by being wider, with a deep slanting groove cut about a foot from the top of the Linga.^[11] Unusually, the garbhagriha is semi-circular, curving behind the linga.

An image of Shiva in sthanaka posture is carved in high relief. On the front portion of the linga the God is standing on the shoulders of the apasmarapurusha or a dwarf.^[12][3] The figure of Shiva resembles a vigorous hunter; He holds a ram or antelope in his right hand and a small water pot in his left hand.^[13] There is a battle axe (Parasu) resting on his left shoulder. He wears a number of heavy earrings in his ears, an elaborate flat necklace, and a girdle with a dangling central portion. His arms are adorned with five bracelets, with different designs in relief, on each wrist, and a high arm-ring on each side. He wears a dhoti of very thin material, fastened at his waist with a vastra-mekhala.^[14] This extends round the whole shaft of the linga.^[3] He has no yagnopavita or sacred thread. Emerging from a complicated turban-like head-covering, his hair is long and plaited (not matted).^[15]

His features are described by Rao as Mongoloid,^[16] and Blurton describes the figure as not having 'the features associated with gods of orthodox Hinduism' but 'squat and broadly-built, and with the thick curly hair and the pronounced lips still seen amongst tribal populations in Central India', suggesting the non-Vedic aspects being absorbed into the emerging figure of Shiva.^[17]

Rao's account emphasizes that the linga here is unmistakably a representation of an erect human penis, as therefore are other Shiva lingas,^[18] this point having apparently been disputed, or over-generalized,^[19] by some previously. He describes it as 'shaped exactly like the original model, in a state of erection',^[20] though one of his illustrations shows the 'plan' section of the shaft, with seven straight-line faces, and gives their unequal lengths. The sharpest angle made by these faces would run through the centre of the Shiva figure, and the front face of the linga is made of the two longest faces (at 6 inches). Two side faces of 4 inches are at right angles to the figure, and the rear of the shaft has one central longer face at right angles to the sides, and two shorter ones joining the back and sides.^[21]

Though the linga has remained in worship in the temple built around it, its relationship to the sanctuary and setting has been altered since Rao's time. The photograph in Rao's 1916 book,^[22] like the one at the top of the article, shows the linga set into the floor, which comes at about the level of the dwarf's midriff. More recent photos and videos, presumably taken after an ASI exploration in 1973-74,^[23] show the lingam in a square stone enclosure on the floor, with the whole length of the dwarf (who is kneeling) visible, as well as a circular pediment.^[24] The stone slabs making the enclosure are plain on the outside, but carved on the inside as stone railings (with three horizontal rails) in a pattern comparable to those of ancient Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi (but much smaller).^[25] Rao was unaware of this structure, then below the floor, saying 'the pedestal is cut out in the form of a quadrangular ridge on the ground',^[16] this ridge in fact being the top of the uppermost rail of the railings. Whether the rest of the floor was lowered or the linga and railings raised is unclear; the sanctuary floor is now a few steps below the main floor level of the temple, an unusual feature which Rao's account does not mention. The linga also has a modern golden metal frame, topped by a naga head, behind it.^[26]

Sources disagree about the expression and connotations of the 'dwarf' below Shiva. To Rao he is 'jolly and happy, as is evidenced by the broad grin on his face'.^[14] He has 'pointed animal ears'.^[14] For Elgood, he is a 'yaksha with fish-shaped feet and conch-shaped ears', so a spirit connected with water, matching the water pot held by Shiva (Rao would never have seen these feet).^[27] Shiva conventionally stands on such a figure in much later depictions of him as Nataraja ('Lord of the Dance'), where the figure is usually said to represent 'ignorance',^[28] but in the earliest Indian stone monumental sculpture, figures often stand on dwarfish figures, as with (for example) the Bhutesvara Yakshis (Buddhist, 2nd century AD), where these figures also seem rather cheerful.

Karthikeya Sharma, who conducted the ASI excavations, states that the Gudimallam Linga combines several later aspects of Siva; for example, the God's eyes focusing on the tip of his nose indicates the Virupaksha and Yoga-Dakshinamurthy aspects of later years. The holding of a ram in his right hand indicates the Bhikshatanamurthi aspect of Siva.

History of the temple and site[edit]

The name of the temple is mentioned as Parasurameswara Temple in the inscriptions. These inscriptions do not refer to the original builders of the temple. But they register the gifts made to the temple like land, money and cows for the conduct of daily worship in the temple. Black and Redware sherds of the 2nd or 3rd century AD have been brought to light during the course of excavations conducted in 1973. Potsherds of the Andhra Satavahana period (Circa 1st century AD to 2nd century AD) and large sized bricks measuring 42x21x6 inches of the same period have also been found. Hence some historians assign the temple to the Satavahana period.

Videos of the temple show a number of medieval sculptures in position.

Historians disagree about the political history and the name of this place. There are several inscriptions which date to the Pallava, Yadava Devarayalu, Ganga Pallava, Bana and Chola periods on the walls of the shrine and on stone slabs in the temple courtyard. The earliest inscription belongs to the reign of Nandivarma Pallava (802 AD). All the inscriptions mention the keen interest taken by the donors and their gifts to the Temple. However, none of the inscriptions give the village name as Gudimallam. These two names however are not mentioned in the inscriptions. The village is referred as Viprapita (Brahmana Agrahara).

Comparisons for the lingam[edit]

Some of the copper coins obtained at Ujjain and belonging to the 3rd century BC contain figures which resemble the Linga of Gudimallam. A 1st century sculpture in the Mathura Museum also contains a figure resembling the Gudimallam Shiva. J.N. Benerjee in his work Religion in art and archaeology observes:

The Lingam in Arghya motif was comparatively late phase. In the course of its conventionalisation and development, the Arghya was supposed to symbolise the female part and it was described, in many late texts of a tantric character. But originally in comparatively early times, the emblems of the male and the female deities were worshiped separately, as the earliest specimens of the Phallus and ring stone testify. The Gudimallam Shiva Linga or for that matter the Shivalingas of the Pre-Gupta and the early Gupta periods did not show any real base in the shape of the latter characterization of the arghya or pita. Even in latter representations of the emblem, the projecting section of the Pita really served the very useful purpose of draining off the water profusely poured on the top of the Shiva Linga to some distance from its base. This statement needs revision, for it is evident from the recent excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India, South eastern Circle of Hyderabad, clearly revealed that Gudimallam Linga was originally provided with a pedestal.

Notes[edit]

1. ^ASI page listing all the Hindu temples of archaeological importance, Andhra Pradesh
2. ^ ^abRao, 65
3. ^ ^abcdDoniger, Wendy (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22,23. ISBN9780199593347.
4. ^Rao, 63-64. Much older phalluses in clay etc are known (See Ellgood, 46).
5. ^Harle, 271; Blurton, 78; Elgood, 47 says from end BC to 1st AD
6. ^ ^abPieris, Sita; Raven, Ellen (2010). ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three – South Asia. BRILL. p. 264. ISBN978-90-04-19148-8.
7. ^Arundhati, P. (2002). Annapurna : A Bunch Of Flowers Of Indian Culture. Concept Publishing Company. p. 43. ISBN978-81-7022-897-4.
8. ^Harle, 271
9. ^Blurton, 82
10. ^Blurton, 78-81 (78 quoted)
11. ^Rao, 65-67; he gives the height as 5 foot exactly, but did not see the full length.
12. ^Rao, 65-67
13. ^Rao, 66 calls it a ram, Blurton, 78 also suggests an antelope. Other sources mention a goat.
14. ^ ^abcRao, 67
15. ^Rao, 66-67
16. ^ ^abRao, 66
17. ^Blurton, 81; Elgood, 47 'with full lips and thick, curly hair'.
18. ^Rao, 68-69
19. ^Elgood, 46
20. ^Rao, 68
21. ^Rao, 'Plate II (to face page 66)'
22. ^Rao, Plate II, after p. 66
23. ^ASI 'Since Independence – Andhra Pradesh'
24. ^Harle, 271 and Arundhati, 41, for examples
25. ^Blurton, 81
26. ^Hidden Temples.com, 'Gudimallam Temple Abhishekam', showing the linga in worship.
27. ^Elgood, 47
28. ^Elgood, 49; Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th centuryThe Art Institute of Chicago, United States

References[edit]

• Blurton, T. Richard, Hindu Art, 1994, British Museum Press, ISBN0 7141 1442 1
• Elgood, Heather, Hinduism and the Religious Arts, 2000, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN0826498655, 9780826498656, google books
• Harle, J. C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press. (Pelican History of Art), ISBN0300062176
• Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, Elements Of Hindu Iconography, Vol II Part 1, 1916, Law Printing House, Madras (Chennai), Internet Archive (fully online), p. 65 on

Further reading[edit]

• Sarma, Inguva Karthikeya, Paraśurāmēśvara Temple at Gudimallam: A probe into its origins, 1994, Gattsons, ISBN9788171920150

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 13°34′25″N79°32′25″E / 13.5736°N 79.5403°E

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Lingashtakam – A Prayer To Sivalingam

The Sivalingam is a sacred symbol of the Hindus whom they revere as the manifestation of the Universal Self in His awakened aspect in union with His dynamic energy Shakthi. This prayer is a declaration of faith, obedience, love and devotion to Lord Siva in His aspect as Shivalingam.

Brahma Murari Sura architha Lingam,
Nirmala bashitha Shobitha Lingam,
Janmaja dukha vinasaka lingam.
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is worshipped by Brahma, Vishnu and other Devas,
Which is pure and resplendent,
And which destroys sorrows of birth.

Deva Murari pravarchitha Lingam,
Kama dahana Karunakara lingam,
Ravana darpa vinashana lingam,
That pranamami sad shiva lingam.

Telugu Shiva Linga Mp3 Songs

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is worshipped by great sages and devas,
Which destroyed the god of love,
Which showers mercy,
And which destroyed the pride of Ravana.

Sarva sukandhi sulepitha lingam,
Budhi vivarthana karana lingam,
Siddha surasura vandhitha lingam,
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is anointed by perfumes,
Which leads to growth of wisdom,
And which is worshipped by sages, devas and asuras.

Kanaka mahamani bhooshitha lingam,.
Panipathi veshtitha shobitha lingam,
Daksha suyagna vinasana lingam,
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is ornamented by gold and great jewels,
Which shines with the snake being with it,
And which destroyed the Yagna of Daksha.

Kunkuma chandana lepitha lingam,
Pankaja hara sushobitha lingam,
Sanchitha papa vinasana lingam,
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is adorned by sandal paste and saffron,
Which wears the garland of lotus flowers,
And which can destroy accumulated sins.

Deva Ganarchitha sevitha lingam,
Bhavair bakthi pravesa lingam,
Dinakara koti prabhakara lingam,
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is served by gods and other beings,
Which is the doorway for devotion and good thought,
And which shines like billions of Suns.

Ashta dalopari veshtitha lingam,
Sarva samudbhava karana lingam,
Ashta daridra vinasana lingam,
That pranamami sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is surrounded by eight petals,
Which is the prime reason of all riches,
And which destroys eight types of poverty.

Suraguru sura vara poojitha Lingam,
Sura vana pushpa sadarchitha lingam,
Parathparam paramathmaka lingam,
That pranamai sada shiva lingam.

I bow before that Lingam, which is the eternal Shiva,
Which is worshipped by the teacher of gods,
Which is worshipped by the best of gods,
Which is always worshipped by the flowers,
From the garden of Gods,
Which is the eternal abode,
And which is the ultimate truth.

Telugu Siva Lingam Song

Lingashtakam, Idam Punyam padeth Shiva Sannidhow,
Shivalokam avapnothi shive na sahamodathe.

Any one who chants the holy octet of the Lingam,
In the holy presence of Lord Shiva,
Would in the end reach the world of Shiva,
And keep him company.